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The stability of the output voltage in the solar power system is crucial, as the electricity generated by solar cells is first stored in batteries and then inverted by the inverter into 220V or 380V AC current. However, the output voltage of the battery is significantly affected by its charging and discharging cycle, with a standard 12V battery's current and voltage values fluctuating between 10.8-14.4V (exceeding this range might damage the battery). A qualifiedsolar inverter should not vary its steady-state output voltage by more than 5% when input voltage varies within this range, and its output voltage deviation should not exceed ±10% when the load changes.
The rated output frequency is important for loads including motors like washing machines, refrigerators, etc., since their optimal working frequency point is50Hz. Frequencies higher or lower can cause the equipment to heat up, reducing the operating speed and lifespan of the solar power system. Thus, the inverter's output frequency should be a stable value, typically the mains frequency of 50 hertz, with a normal operating condition error within 1%.
Load power factor represents the solar inverter's ability to handle inductive or capacitive loads. The load power factor for sine wave inverters is between 0.7to0.9, with a rated value of 0.9. If the inverter's power factor is low under a certain load power, the required inverter capacity must be increased, not only raising the cost but also increasing the apparent power of the solar power system's AC circuit, circuit current, and inevitable losses, thus reducing the system speed.
The efficiency of an inverter refers to the ratio of its output power to input power under required working conditions, expressed as a percentage. Generally, thestandard rate of a solar inverter is defined for pure resistive loads, at 80% load. Given the overall high costs of a solar power system, it is essential to maximize the photovoltaic inverter's rate, reduce system costs, and improve the cost-effectiveness of the solar system. Currently, mainstream inverters have a standard rate between 80%-95%, with small power inverters requiring not less than 85%. In the actual design process of the solar system, not only should high-efficiency solar inverters be selected, but also through the reasonable configuration of the system, to work the solar system load around the optimum rate point as much as possible.
Protection measures, a high-quality solar inverter should also have complete protective functions or measures, to deal with various abnormal phenomena that occur in actual use, preventing damage to the inverter and other system components.